Income from Sale of Scrap Metal Did Not Represent Self-Employment Income to Taxpayer

Thomas Ryther’s wholly owned corporation, Knight Steel, failed in 2004.  Knight Steel had been in the business of fabricating steel frames and in the process of doing so generated scrap steel which it simply piled up.  When Knight Steel passed through Chapter 7 on its way to the grave, the bankruptcy trustee abandoned that scrap steel because it appeared to be worthless.

Tom, however, who was financially challenged at this point, decided that since he had a large pile of scrap steel and needed money he’d look at whether he could get something for it.  And Tom discovered that, far from being worthless, there was a ready market for the scrap steel.  From 2004 to 2010 Tom sold various amounts of the steel to provide himself with cash.

Tom reported the amounts as ordinary income, but the IRS asserted that Tom should also pay self-employment tax on the amounts in question.  The Tax Court, in the case of Ryther v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016-56, took up the question of whether Tom owed self-employment tax on this income.

Read More

Interaction of Loss Disallowance Rules of §707 and Substantial Built in Loss Rules of §743(d) Discussed in Three IRS Private Letter Rulings

In a series of private letter rulings (PLRs 201613001, 201613002 and 201613003) the IRS issued a ruling on how to handle a situation where both the related party loss rules of IRC §707(b)(1)(a) and the substantial built-in loss rules of §743(d) applied to a transaction.

The cases involved the sale of a partnership interest to a grantor trust by a partnership in a transaction that triggered a disallowed loss to the seller under the related party rules of IRC §707(b)(1)(a). 

Read More

Use of Old Form 3115 Allowed For Accounting Method Change Requests Filed on or Before April 20, 2016

The IRS announced that, for forms filed on or before April 19, 2016, the agency will generally accept either the current December 2015 version of Form 3115 or the prior December 2009 version of the form [Announcement 2016-14].  However, the use of the new form will be mandated in those situations where situations where the IRS has mandated the use of new form specifically in guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin.

In the vast majority of cases the form is being filed to be granted automatic consent to a change in method of accounting under provisions promulgated by the IRS well before the December 2015 form was published, so this relief will cover the vast majority of filings, albeit only for a relative short period (on April 19 the new form will become mandated)

Read More

Procedures for Referral of Docketed Tax Court Cases to Appeals Revised by IRS

The IRS has updated and revised the procedures for the use of Appeals for cases that are docketed before the Tax Court in Revenue Procedure 2016-22, revising Revenue Procedure 87-24.

As most practitioners are aware, cases where the taxpayer files a challenge to the IRS’s proposed assessment with the Tax Court are often referred back to Appeals in an attempt to resolve the matter without a need to go to Tax Court.

Read More

Initial Filings for Forms 8971 Now Pushed Back to June 30, 2016 as IRS Grants Additional Delay

The initial due date for filing Forms 8971 has been pushed back for the third (and likely final) time by the IRS in Notice 2016-27.  The notice provides that both the statements to be furnished to the IRS (Forms 8971 and the Schedule As) and those to be provided to the beneficiaries (Schedule A) that are due prior to June 30, 2016 need not be provided to the IRS or the beneficiaries prior to that date.

The form is required to be filed by executors of estates who are required to file a return (as that term is defined in the proposed regulations issued in early March of 2016) if that return is filed after July 31, 2015.  The return is due 30 days after the earlier of the date the Form 706 is filed or when it was required to be filed (including extensions actually granted).  [IRC §6035 as added by the Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015]

Read More

Tax Analysts Reports IRS Again Delays Due Date for First Forms 8971

Tax Analysts reported this afternoon that the IRS has delayed to June 30, 2016 (via Notice 2016-27) the due date for the initial batch of Forms 8971 from the March 31, 2016 date last set in Notice 2016-19.  The form is required to be filed by taxable estates that filed a Form 706 after July 31, 2015.  The form is due 30 days after the Form 706 is filed or by June 30, 2016, whichever is later.

The AICPA had requested that the IRS delay this date to give additional time to understand the proposed regulations issued earlier this month that are meant to guide the preparation of this form.

More information, including a link to the Notice, will be posted here once the IRS posts the Notice on their site.

Taxpayers Failed to Obtain Documentation That No Goods or Services Were Received By Time Return Was Filed, Thus No Charitable Deduction Could Be Allowed

Congress has provided that for certain tax deductions a taxpayer must produce documentation in a specified form, subject to very detailed rules, or no deduction will be allowed to the taxpayer regardless of any other information that might be available to justify the deduction. 

One particularly nasty area that requires detailed documentation or the deduction is entirely disallowed is found for charitable contributions in excess of $250.  That provision blocked entirely any potential deduction for the taxpayer in the case of French v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016-53.

Read More

Taxpayer's Injuries Did Not Move Tax Court to Find That Her Horse Operation Had a True Profit Motive

Taxpayers who are doing well in one endeavor may wish to engage in an endeavor they enjoy generally, but which arguably could be conducted with an eye towards making a profit.  When taxpayers continue to engage in such activities despite a lack of actual profit, the IRS quite often turns to Section 183 to deny the taxpayer’s the ability to claim such losses.

Such was the issue in the case of Kaiser v. Commissioner, T.C. Summ. Op. 2016-13.  Linda Kaiser ran a successful financial consulting and insurance business, but she had an interest in training Hanoverian horse.  The Court noted that she was “competent dressage rider and from 1998 to 2014 she owned between one and four horses.

Read More

Membership Exempt Organization Tripped Up by Gross Revenue from Nonmembers Test

An issue that often arises in the area of exempt organizations is that they are governed by a number of special rules that, if violated, will cause an organization to lose its exempt status.  And often these organizations, as circumstances change, end up taking actions that run smack into these problems.

This was case for the organization whose loss of exempt status is detailed in PLR 201612014.  The organization was organized as a social organization under IRC §501(c)(7) to provide trap shooting, hunter safety and clubhouse activities to its members.

Read More

Decedent Had Implied Retained Estate for Partnership Established Solely for Tax Reasons, So Entire Value Included in Her Taxable Estate

The most successful method the IRS has developed to attack claimed discounts in family limited partnerships continues to be to claim the transactions, as actually undertaken by the decedent and the family members, ran afoul of the provisions of IRC §2036(a).  In the case of Estate of Holliday v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016‑51 the IRS again succeeded in bring the assets back into the decedent’s estate using this same provision of the law

Read More

Blue Book Indicates Congress Has Left It Up to the IRS Whether Disregarded Entity Partners Will Block Any Election Out of New Partnership Audit Regime

The Joint Committee on Taxation published its Blue Book (General Explanation of Legislation Enacted in 2015) for tax laws passed in 2015, and it gives some insight into the limited extent of statutorily mandated “acceptable” partners that Congress decided should enable a partnership to elect out of the new partnership audit regime when it comes into full effect for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2018.

Read More

Taxpayer Penalized $40,000 for Failure to Disclose Participation in Transaction Despite Fact The Issue of Legitimacy of Deduction Still to Be Decided

Taxpayers who participate in a listed transaction or one similar to a described listed transaction and fail to disclose such participation face a penalty under IRC §6707A regardless of whether or not the transaction ends up resulting in a true understatement of tax.  And “similar” is interpreted broadly, as the taxpayer in the case of Vee’s Marketing, Inc. v. United States, CA7, Case No. 15-2441 discovered.

The penalty under §6707A for failure to disclose such a transaction is 75% of the claimed reduction in tax shown on the return (regardless of whether or not that deduction is ultimately found justified or not).  A minimum penalty of $5,000 for a natural person or $10,000 for any other taxpayer is triggered regardless of the level of savings, with the penalty similarly capped at $100,000 for a natural person and $200,000 for other taxpayers regardless of the claimed level of tax reduction.  The minimums and maximums are set at a lower figure for transactions that are “reportable transactions” rather than listed transactions (reportable transactions are defined by statute, not by direct IRS identification).

Read More

Trust Allowed Charitable Deduction for IRA Distribution Immediately Paid to Charity

Charitable contribution deductions for trusts and estates are subject to unique rules that are discussed in Private Letter Ruling 201611002.  The conclusions of this ruling aren’t at all surprising, but it does provide a good review of the topic, including the differences between “accounting” and “tax” definitions for trusts.

The trust was the beneficiary of an IRA of a decedent who established the trust.  The trust provided that the IRA is to be distributed to a charitable organization.  That raises a tax concern since the trust is a taxable entity and the IRA, rather than being left directly to the tax exempt charity, had been left to the trust which was to distribute the IRA to that organization.

Read More

Joint Committee Report Got It Wrong, As Congress Failed to Authorize Lump Sum Reimbursement of Retroactively Increased Transit Benefit

Congress has reinstated the higher level of exclusion for employer provided transit benefits under IRC §132(f) the last three times the provision has expired, but did so only at or after the end of the year following the expiration of the provision. 

Employers who had structured their programs to limit their assistance to the amount that was provided for in the Code during the year in question, but which retroactively was raised by Congress, may wonder if they could make a payment to reimburse those employees who had paid additional costs out of pocket during those years and exclude them from income.  If the employers have read the explanations of these laws provided by the Joint Committee on Taxation which indicates that Congress intended to allow such reimbursements when it passed these bills, then the question becomes of even more interest.

Read More

Court Finds Modification to Sublicense May Be a Sale, Does Not Agree with IRS That Taxpayer is Blocked from Arguing the Point

One day after the Tax Court invoked the Danielson case to reject a taxpayer’s attempt to argue substance over form to restructure an agreement for tax purposes in Makric Enterprises, Inc. v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016-44, the Court turned down the IRS’s attempt to argue the same case should block a taxpayer from arguing a transaction represented a sale of its interests in rights to a chemical compound.

In the case of Mylan, Inc. and Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016-45 the IRS was arguing for summary judgement, based on the Danielson decision, that the taxpayer had to treat its transaction as a license agreement generating ordinary income and not a sale of its rights generating capital gains.

Read More

Agreement Holding Subsidary Rather Than Parent Stock Sold Held Binding by Tax Court, a Very Costly Result for the Sellers

Details matter in tax law, especially when the taxpayer was involved in setting up the details.  In the case of Makric Enterprises, Inc. v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2016-44 a failure to make sure that the right corporation was sold as part of the agreement proved very expensive to the taxpayers—in the amount of $2,839,780.

There were two corporations involved in this matter—one of which was a holding company (Makric Enterprises, Inc.) whose only asset was the stock of a wholly owned subsidiary (Alpha Circuits, Inc.).  A third party became interested in buying the business conducted by Alpha.

Read More

IRS Shuts Down Online IP PIN Recovery After Finding 800 Fraudulent Return Filings Attempted with Reissued PINs

The problem of security and tax refund fraud unfortunately continues to create new developments, and this time the issue involves the IRS’s online IP PIN recovery system.  The IRS has announced it is shuttering the online IP PIN recovery system in an announcement posted on its website (“IRS Statement on IP PIN”).

On March 1, 2016, Brian Krebs (an IT security journalist whose writing we are referring to all too often in tax matters recently) posted a story describing a CPA who had her own IP PIN hijacked by unauthorized parties (“Thieves Nab IRS PINs to Hijack Tax Refunds”).  The story went on to discuss the flaws inherent in the IRS’s online IP PIN recovery process, a criticism Brian had leveled at the system back when the online transcript breaches took place last year, noting the IP PIN system used the same type of “identity confirmation” as that system.

Read More

Procedures for Obtaining Work Opportunity Credit Certifications for 2015 and Early 2016 Hires Outlined by IRS

In June the IRS extended the dates for both hiring and applying for certification in Notice 2016-40.

With spring training underway in Arizona (where this author lives), it's appropriate to have a baseball tie in to a tax development, so we turn to one of the great insights given to us by a player of the sport:

“It’s like déjà vu all over again.”

The above quote, attributed to Yogi Berra, is appropriate to the IRS returning again to dealing with the mess left by Congress’s late in 2015 decision to retroactively extend the Work Opportunity Credit. The IRS has issued another notice to “clean up” problems created by Congress’s delay in extending expired code provisions, waiting until late December to pass the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (PATH), just as the Congress did one year earlier. 

In Notice 2016-22 the IRS provided procedures to be used for employers that hired individuals that retroactively qualify as “targeted” individuals during the period where the work opportunity credit under IRC §51 had expired. 

Read More

Seagate Fell Victim to Payroll Information Phishing Scam That IRS Warned About

One of the victims of the W-2 phishing scam discussed previously on this site turned out to be Seagate Technology, the large hard drive maker per a story published by Brian Krebs on March 6 (Seagate Phish Exposes All Employee W-2’s).  On March 1, 2016 (the same day the IRS news release on the scam was released) an employee received an email he/she believed was a legitimate request from someone in the company.  In response the employee sent off W-2 information for 2015, apparently for all employees of this very large company.

It is likely safe to assume that the IT staff at Seagate is larger than that at most CPA firms and also available around the clock.  Most small CPA firms don't have an IT person on staff, but rather use an outside consultant to maintain the network, with security being one of many things this person keeps track of, with the firm being one of many organizations the consultant does work for.

Read More

Revenue from Gift Cards Redeemable for Both Goods and Services May Be Partially Deferred Under Reg. 1.451-5

Accrual basis taxpayers who receive advanced for the sale of goods prior to the actual sale of such goods may, under Reg. §1.451-5, defer recognition of such income until the earliest of:

  • The year in which the income would be properly accruable under the taxpayer’s method of accounting for tax purposes;
  • The year in which the income is recognized for financial statement purposes; or
  • The end of the second year following the year of receipt. [Reg. §1.451-5(b)1, (c)]

But what about a taxpayer who sells gift cards which can be deemed for either goods sold by the taxpayer or services the taxpayer sells?  That situation exists in many contexts, as retailers often offer for sale, in addition to products, servicesFor instance, appliance/electronics stores offer, in addition to the goods, various extended warranty, delivery, repair and installation services.  In TAM 201610017 the National Office advised that such entities may make use of a partial deferral.

Read More