In the case of Shea Homes, Inc. v. Commissioner, 142 TC No.3, the question of the scope of contracts of a homebuilder when making use of the completed contract method was the key issue.  The issue would end up not just before the Tax Court, but also be dealt with by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

The taxpayer developed large planned residential communities which had substantial common area developments and improvements required by the localities in which the developments were located. 

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The IRS, likely hoping to reduce the number of letter ruling requests related to late IRA rollovers, has released Revenue Procedure 2016-47 that provides automatic relief for certain late rollovers of IRAs and qualified plan distributions.  The procedure generally allows a plan administrator, IRA custodian or trustee to rely upon a certification from a taxpayer in accepting a rollover from a taxpayer that he/she meets certain requirements qualifying for automatic relief from late rollovers.  However, if the administrator, custodian or trustee is aware the certification is not correct, he/she will not be allowed to rely on the certification.

Previously Revenue Procedure 2013-16 provided for automatic relief only in limited situations related to errors committed by financial institutions.  Otherwise a taxpayer generally had to apply and pay for a private letter ruling granting relief.

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With the growth of the “sharing economy” involving organizations like Uber and Airbnb, the IRS has determined there is a need for guidance for individuals who are involved in providing such services. 

Many of these individuals have not previously operated a business, nor may they even realize that they truly are operating a business that will trigger special tax issues and obligations.

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The non-profit corporation in United States v. Detroit Medical Center, CA6, Case No. 15-1279, received a refund of payroll taxes along with interest on that overpayment from the IRS.  However, the organization was dismayed to find that it had been interest at a lower rate than it had expected to be paid.

The IRS noted the group of hospitals was organized as a corporation under corporate law and paid the lower rate of interest provided in IRC §6621(a)(1) for a “large corporation.” 

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As we are all aware, the Internal Revenue Code imposes penalties for the late filing of a tax return (IRC §6651(a)(1)) as well as for the late payment of taxes due on a return (IRC §6651(a)(2)).  The penalty does not apply, though, in either case if the failure is due to “reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.”  In the case of Rogers v. Commissioner; T.C. Memo. 2016-152 the Tax Court found that the taxpayer had such reasonable cause when she mistakenly believed she was not required to file a return, and such a mistaken belief was found to be reasonable in her case.

As the Court notes in this case, “reasonable cause” is inherently very much a facts and circumstances situation and merely believing no return is required to be filed is not sufficient in and of itself—rather, the taxpayer must have arrived at this conclusion via a good faith effort to determine his/her responsibilities under the tax law.  But the taxpayer’s overall situation and their level of sophistication are taken into account to see if the taxpayer’s conduct meets the reasonableness standard.

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In order to claim deductions related to a trade or business, the taxpayer must be able to show not just that the expenditures were incurred by the taxpayer for a legitimate trade or business reason, but also that the trade or business in question has actually begun operation.  The IRS was not disputing that the taxpayer had an honest intent to operate a trade or business for which she incurred expenses, but rather that the business had not commenced operations in the case of Tizard v. Commissioner, T.C. Summ. Op. 2016-42.

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In an email, the Chief Counsel’s office considered the employment status of an adult companion sitter (Chief Counsel Email 201633034).  The email was in regard to information to be contained in training materials, likely for either IRS agents or programs like VITA where volunteer preparers would be trained.

As the proposed training materials explain:

Companion sitters are individuals who furnish personal attendance, companionship, or household care services to children or to individuals who are elderly or disabled.

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Filing partnership returns late now subjects the partnership to significant penalties.  Under IRC §6103 the partnership is penalized $195 per month per partner, up to a maximum of ten months, for each month or fraction of a month the partnership return is filed after the due date (including extensions actually granted).  However, no penalty applies if the partnership can show the failure is due to reasonable cause. [IRC §6698(a)]

In the case of In re: Refco Public Community Pool LP, Banktruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, Case No. 14-11216, 118 AFTR 2d ¶ 2016-5085 the bankruptcy plan administrator challenged the IRS’s claim for late filing penalties of $3,662,000 for the years 2005-2007.

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Delores Gragg in 2006 and 2007 was a licensed real estate agent who had sufficient hours in the real estate activity to be treated as a real estate professional under IRC §469(c)(7).  Based on that qualification alone, she and her husband took the position that she should be allowed to be treated as materially participating in the rentals and thus all losses be allowed in full on their returns without regard to Section 469.

However the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, considering this “automatic material participation” argument for the first time, rejected this view in the case of Gragg v. United States, Case No. 14-16053, CA9 affirming a decision of the U.S. District Court of Northern California.

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Since its original enactment, the like kind exchange provisions IRC §1031 has been allowed to apply to transactions for which there is not a direct exchange between parties of property.   Initially such transactions were expanded, first by judicial holdings and then explicitly by Congress [IRC §1031(a)(3)] to include deferred “forward” exchanges where the taxpayer does not simultaneously receive the replacement property from the party that acquires the relinquished property, but rather, with the use a qualified intermediary, acquires property from another party with the proceeds of the sale.

Later case law allowed for reverse deferred exchanges (referred to as reverse Starker exchanges in reference to a major Ninth Circuit case on the original forward exchanges) where the replacement property is acquired first and then the relinquished property is later sold.

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The IRS has issued guidance on how it deal with the new rules on Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) that were contained in the Protecting Americans Against Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (PATH) in Notice 2016-48.

The IRS is authorized under IRC §6109 to issue identification numbers for taxpayers and request information from such taxpayers.  Generally these ITINs are issued to taxpayers who are not eligible to receive a social security number (SSN) and are used for tax matters in lieu of the social security number.

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This article is a revision of the article originally published in June to take into account the revisions later made by Notice 2016-49 to the requirements for the program.

The IRS has released a Revenue Procedure (Revenue Procedure 2016-33) that outlines how organizations will apply for Certified Professional Employer Organization (CPEO) status.  The CPEO status, added by the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014, is meant to address an issue that arises when PEOs collect payroll taxes from employers but fail to pay those taxes over to the government.

Normally in such a situation the organization that hired the PEO remains on the hook for the payroll taxes, even if they were the victim of a fraud perpetrated by the PEO to walk off with payroll taxes.  See the case of  City Wide Transit, Inc. v. Commissioner, CA2, 2013-1 U.S.T.C. ¶50,211, reversing TC Memo 2011-279, 3/1/13.

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